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    Adverse events in adults with latent tuberculosis infection receiving daily rifampicin or isoniazid: post-hoc safety analysis of two randomised controlled trials
    (The Lancet: Infectious Diseases, 2020) Campbell, Jonathon R; Trajman, Anete; Cook, Victoria J; Johnston, James C; Adjobimey, Menonli; Ruslami, Rovina; Eisenbeis, Lisa; Fregonese, Federica; Valiquette, Chantal; Beneditti, Andrea; Menzies, Dick
    Background An important problem limiting treatment of latent tuberculosis infection is the occurrence of adverse events with isoniazid. We combined populations from phase 2 and phase 3 open-label, randomised controlled trials, to establish risk factors for adverse events during latent tuberculosis infection treatment. Methods We did a post-hoc safety analysis based on data from two open-label, randomised controlled trials done in health-care facilities in Australia, Benin, Brazil, Canada, Ghana, Guinea, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, and South Korea. Participants were consenting adults (aged ≥18 years) with a positive latent tuberculosis infection diagnostic test, indication for treatment, and without contraindications to rifampicin or isoniazid. Patients were centrally randomly assigned 1:1 to 4 months of daily 10 mg/kg rifampicin or 9 months of daily 5 mg/kg isoniazid. The primary outcome evaluated was adverse events (including grade 1–2 rash and all events of grade 3–5) resulting in permanent discontinuation of study medication and judged possibly or probably related to study drug by a masked, independent,three-member adjudication panel (trial registration: NCT00170209; NCT00931736). Findings Participants were recruited from April 27, 2004, up until Jan 31, 2007 (phase 2), and Oct 1, 2009, up until Dec 31, 2014 (phase 3). The safety populations for each group comprised 3205 individuals receiving isoniazid and 280 receiving rifampicin. Among those receiving isoniazid, 86 (2·7%) of 3205 had grade 1–2 rash or any grade 3–5 adverse events, more than the 50 (1·5%) of 3280 who had these events with rifampicin (risk difference –1·2%, 95% CI –1·9 to –0·5). Age was associated with adverse events in adults receiving isoniazid. Compared with individuals aged 18–34 years, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for adverse events was 1·8 (95% CI 1·1–3·0) for individuals aged 35–64 years and 3·0 (1·2–6·8) for individuals aged 65–90 years. With rifampicin, adverse events were associated with inconsistent medication adherence (adjusted OR 2·0, 1·1–3·6) and concomitant medication use (2·8, 1·5–5·2), but not age, with an adjusted OR of 1·1 (0·6–2·1) for individuals aged 35–64 years and 1·7 (0·5–4·7) for individuals aged 65–90 years. One treatment-related death occurred in the isoniazid group. Interpretation In patients without a contraindication, rifampicin is likely to be the safest latent tuberculosis infection treatment option. With more widespread use of rifampicin, rare, but serious adverse events might be seen. However, within these randomised trials, rifampicin was safer than isoniazid and adverse events were not associated with older age. Therefore, rifampicin should become a primary treatment option for latent tuberculosis infection based on its safety.
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    GeneXpert or chest-X-ray or tuberculin skin testing for household contact assessment (GXT): protocol for a cluster-randomized trial
    (Trials Journal, 2022) Trajman, Anete; Adjobimey, Menonli; Bastos, Mayara Lisboa; Valiquette, Chantal; Oxlade, Olivia; Fregonese, Federica; Afolabi, Dissou; Cordeiro‐Santos, Marcelo; Stein, Renato T.; Benedetti, Andrea; Menzies, Dick
    Background: The World Health Organization recommends tuberculosis (TB) preventive treatment (TPT) for all people living with HIV (PLH) and household contacts (HHC) of index TB patients. Tests for TB infection (TBI) or to rule out TB disease (TBD) are preferred, but if not available, this should not be a barrier if access to these tests is limited for high-risk people, such as PLH and HHC under 5 years old. There is equipoise on the need for these tests in diferent risk populations, especially HHC aged over 5. Methods: This superiority cluster-randomized multicenter trial with three arms of equal size compares, in Benin and Brazil, three strategies for HHC investigation aged 0–50: (i) tuberculin skin testing (TST) or interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) for TBI and if positive, chest X-Ray (CXR) to rule out TBD in persons with positive TST or IGRA; (ii) same as (i) but GeneXpert (GX) replaces CXR; and (iii) no TBI testing. CXR for all; if CXR is normal, TPT is recommended. All strategies start with symptom screening. Clusters are defned as HHC members of the same index patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary TBD. The main outcome is the proportion of HHC that are TPT eligible who start TPT within 3 months of the index TB patient starting TBD treatment. Societal costs, incidence of severe adverse events, and prevalence of TBD are among secondary outcomes. Stratifed analyses by age (under versus over 5) and by index patient microbiological status will be conducted. All participants provide signed informed consent. The study was approved by the Research Ethic Board of the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, the Brazilian National Ethical Board CONEP, and the “Comité Local d’Éthique Pour la Recherche Biomédicale (CLERB) de l’Université de Parakou,” Benin. Findings will be submit‐ ted for publication in major medical journals and presented in conferences, to WHO and National and municipal TB programs of the involved countries. Discussion: This randomized trial is meant to provide high-quality evidence to inform WHO recommendations on investigation of household contacts, as currently these are based on very low-quality evidence Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04528823.